Astragalus duheyuanensis Q.L. Gan & Z.W. Ke (Fabaceae) is described from western Hubei Province, central China, and illustrated. It morphologically resembles A. sinicus, but differs from it by having completely isolated stipules, shorter peduncles, a blue-purple corolla, a keel-like bulge on the upper centre of the standard, and smaller, orange-yellow seeds.

Ardisia chimingiana Y.H. Tan & D.L. Quan, sp. nova (Primulaceae) from Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. It belongs to the subgenus Tinus and has long been misidentified in China as A. solanacea and A. polycephala due to similarities in leaf blades and inflorescences. However, it differs from those two species by having fewer leaf veins, inflorescences with fewer flowers, shorter peduncle, glabrous calyx margin, and fruits not turning black. We discuss the morphological distinctions of A. solanacea and a few other similar species. A lectotype is designated for A. solanacea.

Taxonomy of the morphologically and genetically diverse Dryopteris affinis fern complex (Dryopteridaceae) is still partly unresolved. Dryopteris lacunosa and D. carpatica are doubtful taxa and require further study. Due to high taxonomic distinctiveness, two new species are recognised: D. jessenii (Fraser-Jenk.) Tlałka comb. nova and D. atropes (Fraser-Jenk.) Tlałka comb. nova. As a corollary, the hybrid D. × transsilvanica (Tlałka, S. Jess., A. Rostański & Rojek) Tlałka comb. nova is elevated to the nothospecies level. Additionally, in the years 2020–2023, during studies conducted in the Western Carpathians (Pogórze Śląskie and Beskid Śląski), D. affinis subsp. affinis, a taxon new to Poland, was discovered. It was found at two localities with one and several dozen individuals, respectively, which are at risk of accidental destruction during tree felling. The average genome size in the leaves of the treated taxa ranged from 16.75 pg/2C to 16.83 pg/2C.

Polygonum chaturbhujanum K.C. Mohan sp. nova (Polygonaceae) is described and illustrated from an island in the Totladoh Reservoir, Pench Tiger Reserve, Maharashtra, India. It morphologically resembles P. effusum, P. paronychioides and P. plebeium, but differs from them in having smaller leaves (5–7 mm long); shorter ochreae (2.0–2.5 mm long); inflorescence of dense terminal spikes at the end of the branches; bracts smaller than cauline leaves; perianth lobes emarginate with an apical mucro; smaller ovary (0.5 mm long); and achenes with short beak.

Medinilla neopendens Idrees is proposed as a replacement name for the illegitimate Medinilla pendens Jum. & H. Perrier, a later homonym of M. pendens Ridl.

There is a growing interest in understanding the mechanisms involved in seed germination stimulated by smoke and smoke-derived compounds. In this study, we aimed to determine the possible role of gibberellins (GAs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the seed germination of three smoke-responsive and fire-adapted species, viz. Onopordum caricum (Asteraceae), Sarcopoterium spinosum (Rosaceae), and Stachys cretica (Lamiaceae). We conducted four germination experiments using smoke water, karrikinolide (KAR₁), cyanohydrin mandelonitrile, gibberellic acid (GA₃), paclobutrazol, hydrogen peroxide, and several agents generating ROS at different concentrations. The three species had a positive germination response to KAR₁. Sarcopoterium spinosum seeds were also sensitive to mandelonitrile. Exogenous GA₃ promoted the germination of all KAR₁-responsive species in a concentration-specific way. Furthermore, GA biosynthesis was found to be required for the induction of germination by smoke water and KAR₁. Finally, ROS treatments stimulated the germination of KAR₁- and cyanohydrin-sensitive S. spinosum seeds, but not only KAR₁-sensitive O. caricum and S. cretica seeds. In conclusion, we showed that smoke-promoted germination is far more complex than previously believed and that future studies should be carried out using species with different sensitivities to smoke chemicals.

Fritillaria nevzatcaglari Yıldırım & Tekşen (Liliaceae) is described and illustrated as a new species from Turkey. It morphologically resembles F. ozdemir-elmasii, F. bithynica and F. elwesii, but differs from them by several characters, the most distinct one being a pale purple outer surface of the perigon. Due to human activities and grazing pressure in the are where F. nevzatcaglari grows, we assess its conservation status as critically endangered (CR).

Gladiolus alucraensis Sağıroğlu & Eker sp. nova (Iridaceae) is described and illustrated from Alucra District of Giresun Province in northern Anatolia, Turkey. It is morphologically close to G. aladagensis and G. kotschayanus, but differs from them by numerous macromorphological flower characters and micromorphological seed characters. The diagnostic morphological features, distribution, habitat, and conservation assessment of the new species are presented. The micromorphological characteristics of the seeds of G. alucraensis, G. aladagensis and G. kotschyanus mericarps were examined using LM and SEM analyses.

Fritillaria pavehensis Advay & Tekşen (Liliaceae) is described as a new species from Kermanshah Province in western Iran. In general habit, it resembles F. kurdica, F. crassifolia and F. hakkarensis of the informal F. crassifolia group, but differs from them by the shape and size of its lowest leaves and bracts, shape and colour of perigone segments, and style branches' length. A detailed taxonomic description, diagnostic characters, images, geographical distribution, habitat, phenology and conservation assessment are presented.

Campylopus longigemmatus was initially described from a specimen collected in Xizang (Tibet), China. Later, this species was transferred to Dicranodontium as D. longigemmatum, and then synonymized with D. didymodon and D. denudatum. However, the protologues of C. longigemmatus and D. denudatum are clearly different, and the morphological traits of C. longigemmatus suggest it belongs to Campylopodiella. To address this issue, we conducted molecular-phylogenetic analyses based on four molecular markers (ITS, nad5, trnS-trnF, and atpB-rbcL). Campylopus longigemmatus formed a maximally supported clade with the American species Campylopodiella flagellacea. As there are no distinct morphological differences between Campylopus longigemmatus and Campylopodiella flagellacea, the previously proposed synonymy of Campylopus longigemmatus with Dicranodontium denudatum is rejected, and Campylopus longigemmatus is proposed as a new synonym of Campylopodiella flagellacea. This implies the first record of Campylopodiella flagellacea from China and Asia.

Clematis alopecuros Q.L. Gan & X.W. Li sp nova (Ranunculaceae) is described and illustrated from Hubei, China. It has white flowers with four spreading sepals, persistent and villous styles, and hastate leaflets. It resembles C. hastata but differs from it by having much longer anthers, larger leaflets, and petioles that are basally widened and connate to the opposite petiole.

Taxonomic study of Kaempferia subgen. Protanthium (Zingiberaceae) is difficult due to a high degree of intraspecific morphological variation in several species and the implied morphological overlap among the currently recognized species. Herein, we clarify the taxonomic circumscription of K. noctiflora, a rare species endemic to Chiang Mai Province (N Thailand), by describing K. noctiflora var. thepthepae Noppornch. & Somnoo, var. nova. It differs from K. noctiflora var. noctiflora especially by the labellum colouration and flowering time. The diagnostic characters of this novel variety are discussed and compared with those of morphologically similar taxa. Images of the plants, habit and dissected flowers, and information on the phenology, distribution and ecology are provided. Kaempferia noctiflora var. noctiflora and var. thepthepae are considered Vulnerable and Endangered, respectively.

Lectotypification of the name Clematis grata Wall. is discussed and a second-step lectotype is designated.

Cousinia meyqanensis Rastegar, Attar & Mirtadz. (Asteraceae, Cardueae) is described and illustrated based on a specimen collected from Mt. Shahvar, Semnan Province, NE Iran. It is placed in the sect. Platyacanthae as it lacks appendiculate bracts and decurrent leaves. Cousinia meyqanensis is compared with the morphologically similar species C. platyacantha and C. freynii, from which it differs by e.g. being much smaller, having fewer flowers per capitulum, a white-arachnoid stem indumentum, and smaller capitula.

Allium purpureotunicatum Aytaç, Ekşi & Koçyiğit (Amaryllidaceae), a new species of sect. Scorodon, is described and illustrated from Kütahya Province, western Turkey. It is a narrowly distributed geophyte growing on calcareous marl slopes, resembling closely A. sibthorpianum and A. rumelicum. Allium purpureotunicatum differs from those species by its shorter tepals, longer filaments and pistil morphology. It also resembles A. stamineum by having pink flowers, stamens significantly longer than perigon, and a spherical ovary, but differs from it by having coriaceous, distinctly striped and purplish-pink inner tunics as well as fewer flowers. Following IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, we assessed A. purpureotunicatum as Endangered (EN).

Gladiolus oreophilus Eker & Sağıroğlu sp. nova (Amaryllidaceae) is described as a new species from the Hatay Province, Turkey. It resembles G. kotschyanus, G. alanyensis and G. adanus, but it clearly differs from these three species by capsule size, flower colour, number and width of leaves, seed shape and ornamentation, and shapes of periclinal cell walls and testa epidermal cells. Herein, we provide the morphological features, distribution, habitat characteristics, conservation assessment, and micromorphological characteristics of seeds of G. oreophilus.

During a nomenclatural revision of Acanthaceae published by J.M.C. Vellozo in his Florae fluminensis, we found that Veronica fluminensis Vell. (published in 1829) matched the types of Eranthemum heterophyllum Nees (published in 1847), the basionym of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest endemic Pseuderantheum heterophyllum (Nees) Radlk. Thus, we propose a combination Pseuderanthemum fluminense (Vell.) Chagas & Costa-Lima, comb. nova. Additionally, we designate lectotypes for both E. heterophyllum and V. fluminensis, the former based on original material studied by Nees von Esenbeck, and the latter based on the original plate in Vellozo's work.

Zingiber locbacense D.D. Nguyễn & C.W. Lin sp. nova (Zingiberaceae) is described and illustrated from southern Lam Dong Province, south Vietnam. It is morphologically similar to Z. collinsii in several characters, from which it differs by having inflorescences with pink bracts and a rounded apex, shorter bracteoles, smaller corolla lobes, and the flowering period that occurs from March to early May. All known occurrences of Z. locbacense are in non-protected areas, and there is a hydroelectric power station being developed in a neighbouring area. Hence we assess the conservational status of Z. locbacense as Endangered (EN).